• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:

    公开号:ES2696301T9
    申请号:ES15153489T
    申请日:2015-02-02
    公开日:2019-03-14
    发明作者:Rainer Wunderlich；Martin Lang；Lionel Carré
    申请人:pro micron GmbH and Co KG；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] Method of adjustment and / or control of the operating parameters of a workpiece processing machine
    [0003]
    [0004] The invention relates to a method for establishing and / or monitoring the operating parameters of a workpiece processing machine.
    [0005]
    [0006] In modern manufacturing processes, workpiece machining machines for the machining of a work piece with a specific machining step are installed for the first time and, after a satisfactory installation in the production process with regard to to the treatment sequence set in the operating parameters, it is used continuously and repeatedly for the machining of a large number of similar and uniformly treated workpieces of the production series with the machining step configured. This also applies in particular to mechanized workpiece processing machines, for which this invention is particularly intended. It includes, in particular, the machines that drill or mill a workpiece, in the case of milling, both in depth and in line, on the surface or similar. Lathes also fall into this category of mechanized workpiece processing machines.
    [0007]
    [0008] If a new process is to be configured for such processing machines, for example to include a processing machine for the first time in the production of a particular part, the machine is first configured with respect to the operating parameters, in addition to the selection of a suitable tool, this also includes the parameterization of the adjustable values and parameters of the machine, such as the rotation speed of a rotating toolholder in which a selected tool remains fixed by rotating, and the tool feed speeds with with respect to the piece in the possible working directions, for example, in the axial direction with respect to the axis of rotation of the toolholder rotationally driven or in directions perpendicular to this axis.
    [0009]
    [0010] For the lathes, these parameters are not only the selection of the tool, especially the speed of the spindle of the piece and the advance between the tool and the piece.
    [0011]
    [0012] Of course, the corresponding parameters are specified in accordance with the requirements established by the machining step to be carried out, for example, the predetermined shape, for example, based on the shape and course of a milled track that is will insert or in the direction of the course and the depth of the drill to be drilled or the shape of the surface to be produced by turning. At the same time, however, other details and limit conditions are also taken into account, such as the processing time and, therefore, the performance of the processing machine, with adequate parameterization, but excessive loads are also avoided. the material of the piece, which can be derived, for example, from excessive feed speeds during processing.
    [0013]
    [0014] Nowadays, the proper parameterization and configuration of the workpiece processing machines is mainly left to the experience and professional capacity of a suitable machine operator, who performs the appropriate configuration and parameterization based on their corresponding knowledge , in the general specifications of the manufacturer of the tool used and with the help of start-up tests.
    [0015]
    [0016] In addition, when a machining process is first configured in a part-processing machine, tool wear is observed regularly, in particular to define the cycles within which the tools must be replaced. Because tools that wear out beyond a certain limit, such as drills, turning or milling tools, lead on the one hand to impaired processing results with respect to processing precision, but on the other hand they also cause a possible loss total of the expensive tool, if for example the cutting edges wear out beyond a level to which the corresponding milling tool could have been resharpened. In this context, today when the part processing machines are installed, a series of tests are carried out with processing cycles and a test tool, and the wear of the test tool is observed after processing a specific number of parts, usually by optical inspection, for example, under the microscope, partly by measuring the geometry of the blade modified by wear. Based on these wear observations, extrapolations of the allowable performance are performed with a tool before it has worn beyond an acceptable level and, therefore, the useful life of a tool allowed for this machining process is determined before that it must be replaced.
    [0017] But it is also convenient in the production processes after the installation of the processing machine for mass production to take into account the processes and operating parameters of the part processing machine, at least with random stock analysis.
    [0018]
    [0019] In this context, it is of particular interest to monitor the extent to which the machining process established in relation to the operating parameters remains stable to the extent that the result of the process leads to a production of machined workpieces with the same tolerances and machining qualities. At the same time, it is also interesting to determine if a tool is not prematurely worn or even damaged (for example, a broken cutting edge of a milling or turning tool or similar) despite the specified tool life. It is also desirable in principle to detect other anomalies in the operation of the machine tool, such as changes in the machine itself (for example, worn bearings, increased unwanted lateral play in linear guides or the like). Finally, it is also interesting to be able to detect possible errors in the machining process, such as chip jams caused by drilling chips stuck in a drill bit or similar, since such incidents can also have an adverse effect on the machining process and also they can pose a risk to the valuable tool.
    [0020]
    [0021] For some of the observations mentioned above, the motor currents of the drive motors, for example, a drive motor for the rotary drive of the tool holder or a workpiece holder (for example, a rotating spindle), are frequently monitored in the machines of today's processing, and the pairs or other forces that arise are derived from the corresponding current loads. If the motor current increases unexpectedly and deviating from the norm, problems that require a deeper analysis are suspected. The problem with this approach, however, is the comparatively undifferentiated information that can be derived from simple control of the motor current. Due to the corresponding increase in the motor current, the machinist can not yet determine the specific cause of the phenomenon, so, as a general rule, a detailed examination of the current state of the processing machine and of the parameterization is necessary. It leads to downtime and, therefore, to economic losses. Measuring the motor current with small tools and / or reduced machining forces is also too imprecise. The bending moments that occur in the tool can not be measured at all through the motor currents.
    [0022]
    [0023] A friction welding machine is also a workpiece processing machine, here with a rotatable tool operable, for which the invention can also be advantageously used. Also in this case parameters for the corresponding production must be established, in particular for series production, and it is desirable to control the process during the production in progress, at least on the basis of a random sample, in order to guarantee the uniform quality of the welds produced with this device and this machine.
    [0024]
    [0025] At the start-up of the machine similar questions arise, namely the parameterization of the machine for the corresponding machining process according to the specifications of the fastest possible machining (high performance), on the one hand, but on the other hand with the corresponding protection of the parts and, if possible, also of the tool.
    [0026]
    [0027] In the same way, the invention can also be used in a friction welding machine, in which an additional element that must be fixed to a work piece by the friction welding process, for example a welding bolt, can be seen as a "tool" driven by rotation. Here, therefore, the tool holder, contained in the workpiece processing machine according to the invention, can be understood as a rotatable actionable shaft that receives an element to be welded, for example a bolt to be welded by friction welding.
    [0028]
    [0029] In the state of the art, processes similar to the invention are known. DE 102008 064 391 A1, for example, describes a machine diagnostic method in which the torque and bending moments of a motor vehicle are recorded and evaluated for the operation of the machine. Furthermore, WO 2008/142386 A1 describes a machining control in which the axial force is recorded and evaluated.
    [0030]
    [0031] As described above, there is a problem in the current state of the art that, when configuring and monitoring the corresponding operating parameters of a workpiece processing machine with a toolholder, only indirect statements can be made about the forces and pairs that are produced with the corresponding parameterization, so that the corresponding configuration and / or supervision has until now been largely based exclusively on the corresponding experience of the operator of the machine, which could make use of the corresponding aids, for example, measurement and monitoring of consumption current of the drive motors. In particular, this means that, when configuring the operating parameters, the optimum of the corresponding parameterization with respect to the various limit conditions, such as, in particular, a careful machining of the part, has not been reached or can not be reached, high intervention times and, therefore, short machining times and tool protection. Also with regard to the accuracy of the monitoring of the operating parameters, for example as regards the wear of the tool, or the detection of certain errors and anomalies in the machining process, the known methods are still comparatively inaccurate This problem exists especially in the case of tool holders that can rotate around an axis of rotation, since the monitoring of the measured values recorded with the corresponding measuring sensors is often problematic.
    [0032]
    [0033] Therefore, the task of this invention is to indicate here an approach that allows a more precise analysis of the operating conditions for an improved installation of the workpiece processing machine and its operating parameters with a view to an optimal operation , or that allows a control of the process of machining more precise and better, for example in regard to the state of the tool or also to the detection of certain anomalies, failures or changes in the system of the machine processing the piece and the tool used.
    [0034]
    [0035] According to the invention, this task is solved by a method for establishing and / or monitoring operating parameters of a workpiece processing machine with the features of claim 1. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in claims 2 to 15 .
    [0036]
    [0037] The invented method for configuring and / or controlling the operating parameters of a processing machine firstly relates to a part processing machine that has a tool holder, as well as the means for moving a part and the tool. tool holders relative to each other in the direction of a first axis. The aforementioned means can mean that the tool holder can move linearly in a direction parallel to the first axis and that the part is stopped in this direction. In the same way, these means can also be implemented in such a way that the tool holder rests in relation to the processing machine and a tool holder with the part housed therein can move in this direction relative to the tool holder, or combinations of these two possibilities, in which both elements, tool holders and work piece, can move actively.
    [0038]
    [0039] In the method of the invention, in the machining of the toolholder equipped with a part and in the socket of the part, the values of at least one of the following measured variables that are produced in the tool during the interaction between the tool and the part and that are transmitted to the tool holder are recorded for the machining sequence:
    [0040]
    [0041] to. an axial force acting in the direction parallel to the first axis.
    [0042]
    [0043] These values are registered, in particular, by means of the corresponding measuring sensors in the tool holder, eg. ex. strain gauges, DMS, SAW sensors or similar. The tool holder can be a tool holder equipped with the appropriate measuring sensors or a tool holder of the processing machine itself, or an intermediate piece inserted in a tool holder of the processing machine, which is held in the tool holder of the processing machine and which At the same time it has a tool holder for the rigid and rotary fixing of the tool, which holds the tool holder properly. In particular, the tool holder can also be driven in rotation about a rotation axis parallel or coincident with the first axis. Then such intermediate piece is connected to the tool holder of the processing machine in a rotationally fixed manner with respect to the axis of rotation and is consequently driven in a rotational manner. In other words, the tool holder according to the invention can also be made by an element designed as an adapter part, in which such an adapter piece then has the said sensors.
    [0044]
    [0045] The special feature of the process of the invention is that, in the case of a tool holder that can be driven rotationally in relation to the input of values for the parameters of the bending moments or of the components of the bending moments, these values are measured disaggregated according to direction and quantity in a plane perpendicular to the first axis and then displayed and evaluated in a corresponding coordinate representation. This can be done, for example, by recording the amount and the angle relative to a given reference direction, which is particularly stationary in relation to the tool holder (possibly rotating). It is also possible to perform this measurement according to the directional components of the bending moment in two mutually perpendicular planes, in a correlated (possibly rotating) plane with a tool holder (possibly rotating) and fixed in relation to the tool holder, one of which can be interpreted as the "x-direction", the other as the "y-direction".
    [0046] For the evaluation of a large number of pairs of values formed by values of the bending moments or of the bending moment components collected from a given measurement moment t in the x direction and in the y direction are collected in a two-dimensional coordinate diagram in right angle, in which the measured values of the bending moments or of the bending moment components in the x direction are recorded on a coordinate axis and the bending moments or bending moment components on the y axis are plotted on a second axis of coordinates and the pairs of corresponding values form representation points in this coordinate diagram.
    [0047] Such reproduction results in a multitude of corresponding points in the coordinate diagram, which eventually result in a kind of point cloud or data after a certain period of time. Since the coordinate system according to which the bending moments or bending moment components are measured with respect to their value is fixed in the tool holder, in the coordinate system an image correlated with the contour of the tool is obtained, even if The direction of the bending moments that occur is also taken into account by assigning a sign (positive for a first direction and negative for the opposite direction). If, for example, a four-edged toolholder is attached to a rotating toolholder, higher bending moments occur at the cutting edges when they come into contact with the workpiece, and a reduced bending moment at the back of the edges of the workpiece. cut when the inclined flanks pass. This results in an image of the corresponding cutting edges in this example, as shown in number four of the previous representation. Depending on the tension in the tool, there is then a corresponding "distortion" of this image with further expansion and extension in the coordinate diagram at higher bending moment loads and a correspondingly compressed or compressed representation at lower bending moment loads. In addition, with a typically symmetrical tool, the image in such representation is also classically symmetrical, and conclusions can be drawn from the asymmetries that occur, for example, in non-uniform asymmetries, wear of the cutting edges of the tool, a broken cutting edge , a possible clamping not exactly straight of the tool and the like.
    [0048] In addition to the values of the measuring variables bending moments or components of bending moments by direction and magnitude, the values of the following measurement variables can also be recorded:
    [0049] b. a torque applied in relation to the first axis or an axis parallel to the first axis;
    [0050] c. Bending moments or components of bending moments according to direction and magnitude.
    [0051] If, as foreseen in a possible additional embodiment, the tool holder can be driven in rotation on an axis of rotation, then it is parallel to the first axis and - if taken into account - the torque in relation to the axis of rotation is considered as the variable measured according to point b. from the previous enumeration.
    [0052] According to the invention, the values determined for at least one measured variable are used to adjust the operating parameters to achieve an adjusted machining time that is shorter than the maximum machining time with respect to a prolonged tool life. used and / or supervising the machining process with a view to the reproducibility and / or wear of the tool and / or a machine error of the part machining machine.
    [0053] Therefore, the method based on the invention establishes that the forces and / or moments that occur in the tool holder itself during machining of the work piece are measured by a corresponding reaction force of the tool and used for an evaluation and for establish and / or monitor the operating parameters of the machining machine of the workpiece for a machining process based on this. The data obtained in this way can also be used to shorten the machining time by configuring the operating parameters, for example, during a test run as part of a configuration procedure for configuring the processing machine, in which a force axial and / or an applied torque and / or the registered bending moments or bending moment components are used at any point of the machining process to indicate an attack of the tool to the part during machining of the part.
    [0054] For example, in the case of a milling tool, it can be detected when and optionally also to what extent a blade actually acts on the part by removing material, since at this time a larger pair will be observed or, in case of distance in the axial direction of the tool holder between the tool holder and the workpiece, a corresponding axial reaction force or, in the case of distance between the tool holder and the workpiece in a direction transverse to this axial direction, the corresponding parts of the bending moments become visible transversally to the longitudinal axis and also to the axis of rotation of the tool.
    [0055]
    [0056] Therefore, a corresponding optimization can be given, the machining process can be parameterized in such a way that the longest possible times of a given corresponding load are determined (appearance of higher torques, appearance of axial forces greater than a threshold or appearance of bending moments greater than a minimum size). Here all the aforementioned measurement variables and related values can be recorded and taken into account, depending on the specific tool or the workpiece processing machine that is used in this case with the aid of the technology of the invention, but only one or two of the aforementioned measurement variables can be taken into account.
    [0057]
    [0058] In addition, or alternatively, during the assembly it is also possible to take into account a suitable procedure that is as careful as possible with the tools. In the corresponding machining processes, the tools used are often expensive, so the useful life of the tool is a significant cost factor. If a tool is subjected to excessive stress, its useful life is reduced so that it can be replaced beforehand. On the one hand, this means that the tools are rendered useless before and have to be replaced by a new tool, with the corresponding high acquisition costs. On the other hand, this also reduces the continuous operation times of the processing machine, which must be stopped at shorter intervals to retrofit the tools. This is associated with production losses that also have an economic impact.
    [0059]
    [0060] Also for a greater utilization of the tool, the measures of maintenance that have to realize in the tool, like the sharpened of a tool of milling in the edges of milling or the sharpening of the edges of cut of a broca, are complex and expensive, so that a longer tool life and longer sections between the maintenance measures that must be carried out are of economic importance.
    [0061]
    [0062] With the method of the invention, suitable measures can be taken by recording one, two or all of the measurement quantities mentioned in points a. a c. in relation to their values during a test of the machining process and evaluating the values of these measurement quantities, for example, in order to set a maximum force for the axial force, which indicates a reduced load of the tool, for example of a drill, or, for example in the case of a milling cutter, to adjust the permissible bending torques and / or moments to a maximum value and to parameterize the process so that the maximum values are not exceeded. This is a particular advantage of the method of the invention, since a corresponding resolution of the observations and of the measured measured variables was not possible, nor an exact analysis of the tension on the tool used.
    [0063]
    [0064] When configuring the machining process, the operator of the machine will look for a compromise between a compatible tool load, on the one hand, and an economically required performance, that is, a high machining speed, on the other hand. With the measurement magnitudes a. a c. and the values registered for each of them, either individually or in combination of two or in total, can make an adjustment and process optimization appropriate and excellent, according to the invented process. When configuring the machining process, the operator of the machine can proceed as follows, for example:
    [0065]
    [0066] First, you can evaluate a preset machining process, which has been executed in a test run, with respect to the measured values with respect to the machining states that have been declared invalid, that is, with respect to such states of operation. machining, for example, in which a value for at least one of said measuring variables exceeds a predetermined maximum value, which, for example, indicates an excessively high tool load, but also as an unacceptably high load for the workpiece. mechanize and its material. In this case, the machine operator will first readjust its processing machine in such a way that in a new test run it is no longer possible to find the processing states defined as not allowed.
    [0067]
    [0068] In a later step, the machining process can be further optimized within the permitted range by using the measured values determined in subsequent tests by making a more precise adjustment so that, on the one hand, attention is paid to a long total time of aggression of the tool (ie, an optimization as described above with respect to the (reaction) forces and the moments that occur during an aggression or intervention of the tool) and, therefore, a fast machining time is achieved, what guarantees a high performance of the machine, and, on the other hand, get an effort of the tool as uniform and within the specified limits as possible. In a subsequent step, the operator of the machine can optionally determine the reference time of the tool life time after which the machining tool must be replaced in the machine. In a further extension phase, it is also possible to integrate an expert system that frees the operator of the machine from at least part of the interpretation of the measured values and, if necessary, makes suggestions to improve the process.
    [0069] But also with regard to the monitoring of the machining process, which is carried out in the parameterization of the processing machine, the method of the invention can be used with advantage, which provides for the recording of measured values for at least one of the named measurement variables. In this way, adequate supervision of the process can be carried out.
    [0070] The measurements made during the machining machine's commissioning are repeated at random, for example, to determine, by comparing the measured values, if it is necessary to readjust the operating parameters, for example, because the process has " migrated ", or if there is wear of the tool or the system on the machining machine.
    [0071] This comparison can also be made with respect to a "reference process" carried out during or after the installation, in which the parameterization of the machine corresponded to the determined specifications and the result of the process fulfilled the expectations and requirements.
    [0072] In the method according to the invention, in particular by determining the bending moments, but also on the basis of other measured values it is possible to recognize changes or problems in the machine, such as rejected fields, movements in the linear guides, etc.
    [0073] Thus, in tool holders that can be optionally rotary drive, such as milling machines, drills, friction welding machines or friction stir welding machines, for example, similar phenomena can be detected by an imbalance in the rotation of the tool, which in turn , can be determined by an asymmetry of the bending moment distribution along the rotation of the tool, which can not be observed under normal machine conditions.
    [0074] In this regard, for the method according to the invention, an observation of said variables, in particular the torque on the axis of rotation and / or the bending moments (see b. And c. Above), can already be observed in the tool that rotates and without aggression to the work piece.
    [0075] An imbalance in the rotation of the tool determined in a corresponding way can also be used to detect an insufficiently balanced tool, a damaged tool along its perimeter (for example, after a break of the cutting edge) or a tool subject to poorly aligned way.
    [0076] In order to be able to follow a development or dynamics of the values measured over time in a characteristic representation of the invention in the coordinate system fixed to the tool, the representation in the coordinate diagram is performed as specified in claim 5.
    [0077] Accordingly, the pairs of values that are within an Ati time interval with a sampling frequency significantly lower than the time interval Ati are collected and these pairs of values are shown in the coordinate diagram. The sampling frequency is understood here as the distance between two measurements so that, within the time interval Ati, a sufficient value of the number of measurements can be taken to obtain a significant image in the coordinate diagram. The time interval Ati is chosen thinking that this processing, with continuous parameterization, is carried out with the relevant parameters regarding the load, in particular the speed and direction of advance between the tool and the constant piece and, in case of a toolholder rotationally driven, with the same rotation speed. The sampling frequency in particular will be chosen taking into account the duration of the time interval Ati, so that, within this time, a sufficient amount of data is recorded for a meaningful representation. After the first representation is recorded at the end of the Ati time interval, a new representation will appear in another empty coordinate diagram for a new time interval At 2 , where the measurements and the pairs of values within the time interval are recorded. he, this with a sampling frequency significantly lower than the time interval At 2 . Here, too, the time interval At 2 is chosen so as to allow processing with continuous parameterization of the processing machine, in particular with the same parameterization as in the time interval Ati. After carrying out this measurement of values for the representation, other corresponding representations can be made, so that from a comparison of the successive representations a dynamic development of the operating conditions can be concluded, in particular with respect to the state of the tool. If there is any change in the representations, if, for example, the bending moments increase, this can be attributed to wear of the tool, for example, a milling tool that is blunt.
    [0078] However, it is also conceivable to configure the time interval At-i, during which the values described above are included and represented, in a phase of the machining process, in which the parameterization of the process is consciously dynamic, for example , in which the rotational speed of a rotating drive tool holder is changed, for example, is increased, the feed rate or the feed direction will change. There, images of the bending moments that reflect this dynamic are created. Also from an evaluation of such representations, for example, comparing them with an image, which was recorded for the same step of the process in a reference process previously carried out and documented in the piece processing machine during the machining of a similar piece with the same tool, any error or malfunction, for example, the wear of the tool or a wear or defect in the processing machine, can be deduced at an early stage.
    [0079] This type of representation and evaluation can be used not only for tools in machining processes of chip removal, but also for applications in welding by friction stirring or pure friction welding, where, for example, a tool provided with a The circular outer contour in the cross-section produces a corresponding circular image in the above-described representation and deviations from the circular shape make it possible to deduce an undesired anomaly in the machining process, for example, an oblique, ie inclined, fixation of the element to welding, according to the invention.
    [0080] Consequently, as indicated in claim 6, of the representations of the coordinate diagram, in particular of the loads in the individual peripheral sections of a tool disposed in the tool holder, for example, rotating on the axis of rotation, can be deduced or select the corresponding charges.
    [0081] As already mentioned at the beginning, the adjustment can be made in such a way that those selected loads are reduced, for example, to keep the load of the tool as low as possible. In the same way, as already mentioned, the wear of the tool is deduced from these loads and from an observed increase thereof, so that the maximum loads that are achieved in the specified machining process can be defined here, and when they are exceeded or when tool wear is reached, the wear of the tool can be considered as maximum tolerable and a tool change can be arranged.
    [0082] If, as already mentioned, the representation of the measurement points in the coordinate diagram deviates from the expected image, if it is particularly asymmetric, it is advantageous to conclude that there is an anomaly in the machining process that can be visually displayed to the plant operator, who automatically triggers a corresponding warning or that can be filed for documentation purposes.
    [0083] However, an evaluation of the data determined for the bending moments can be carried out not only by a directionally resolved command as described above, but also by an order of the amount not recorded by the present invention of the resulting vector sum of all the bending moments over time.
    [0084] The resulting vector, before an absolute value or individual contributions are formed, before its vector addition can be projected on a surface perpendicular to the first axis to take into account only the amount resulting from the bending moment acting in the direction perpendicular to the first axis.
    [0085] Such an examination can detect anomalies, for example, inadmissibly high bending moments which, for example, are located above a predetermined limit value and serve as an indication of an excessive load of the tool when adjusting the machine in accordance with the operating parameters or also as an indicator of a tool wear exceeding an admissible level in case it accompanies the process. This evaluation can also reveal anomalies that, for example, indicate inadequate production processes and, therefore, a deviation of the machining result of the part from the specification.
    [0086] During the configuration, however, a minimum value can also be determined for the vectorial sum of the bending moments, which is an aggression for the tool in the position and, therefore, a real process of chip removal, which should be overcome , if possible, in a large part of the machining process. If the directional component of the bending moment is also taken into account in a representation as described above, this can also be the case, for example, in the case of a milling tool, individual tool sharpening can also be taken into account. other sections of the tool process in a resolute manner, and consequently an adaptation of the parameters and configuration can be undertaken.
    [0087] In the context of the process of the invention, it is also possible in particular and advantageous additional training to the content, if from the registered values of the measured variable (s) and of a per se known geometry of the working tool used, as well as of the per se known properties of the material of the same and, moreover, from a known per se position of the tool in the tool holder, for example, in the context of the operation and control software of the processing machine, the evasive movements and / or deformations of the tool are arithmetically deduced. tool in a position of the machining sections of it. For this, for example, mathematical simulations can be used to deduce deformations or evasive movements of the tool from measured values with the sensors measuring forces and / or torques (moments of torsion and / or bending) that act on the tool , taking into account the data on the geometry of the tool, the properties of the material of which the tool consists, as well as the exact clamping and positioning of the tool in the tool holder.
    [0088]
    [0089] In this way, when configuring a machining process, for example, a corresponding movement and position change of the machining sections of the tool can be taken into account; to maintain accuracy, the processing machine can specify the corresponding adjustment movements. It is also possible to maintain a tolerance limit during machining by monitoring the parameters. If the determined values change here, a warning can be issued. However, the data determined in this way for a change of position of the machining sections of the tool can also be used as control data to generate the corresponding movements of adjustment in situ during the machining in progress.
    [0090]
    [0091] This is particularly advantageous for particularly narrow tolerances, as required, for example, in the manufacture of tools. This procedure is also important if, for example, for the machining of deep cavities or grooves, filigree tools with a long stem are used, which react more sensitively to the shearing forces.
    [0092]
    [0093] This is even more true if, for example, the blade of the cutting tools becomes blunt and, therefore, the machining requires greater forces.
    [0094]
    [0095] If the values of the axial force are determined, they can be compared with respect to a limit axial force defined as maximum allowable. For example, if the machining process is monitored during operation (permanently or randomly), the limit force can be defined as that which occurs with a tool worn to the maximum allowed limit. If this limit force is then reached or even exceeded, this can be taken as the trigger for a tool change in the process sequence according to the invention. In the case of an adjustment of the machining process, the limit force can be defined in such a way as to indicate a maximum permissible load of the tool, so that in the adjustment process this limit force is not exceeded.
    [0096]
    [0097] At the same time, however, a lower limit for the axial force can also be determined, above which the axial force should preferably move when configuring the machining process, for example, to ensure that the machining process is carried out at an economically reasonable machining speed and, therefore, with an adequate performance.
    [0098]
    [0099] In the same way, in carrying out the inventive process, and depending on the type of machine and the machining operations carried out with it, it may make sense within the scope of the invention to determine at least the values for the torque and make a comparison with respect to a limiting torque defined as the maximum allowable torque. Also in this case, when supervising the machining process (continuously or randomly), the limit torque can be determined as such, which occurs with a tool worn to the maximum allowed limit. Once again, it is possible to define the limit torque as such for the configuration of the machining process, which occurs with the maximum permissible load of the tool. Here it is also possible to determine a minimum torque, especially during the configuration of the machining process, which is preferably permanent, but at least in large proportions of the machining time, to shorten the processing time and increase the performance of the processing machine.
    [0100]
    [0101] In addition to the axial movement of the tool holder relative to the workpiece by the corresponding movement possibilities in the direction of the first axis, the processing machine can also have means for moving the part and the tool holder linearly in at least one direction perpendicular to the first axis. Especially in this case, the observation of the bending moments is of special interest, since the corresponding bending stresses occur transversely to the axis of rotation when the tool holder moves correspondingly in relation to the workpiece. This is the case, for example, of the operations of milling, in part of the operations of turning, but also of welding by friction.
    [0102] Again, it should be noted that said means can provide both an active movement of the tool holder to the stationary workpiece, an active movement of the workpiece to the toolholder, or a combination of these movements.
    [0103]
    [0104] In the process of the invention, the recording of the values of at least one measurement value, it is advantageous to transmit the values of a measurement sensor to an evaluation device, whereby this transmission is carried out wirelessly in at least one section. This is particularly relevant and advantageous if the tool holder can be driven in rotation. This is because a cable transmission of the measured values, which are recorded in a rotating tool holder, to a stationary device in which the evaluation is performed, can not be done there or only with great effort. In particular, a measurement system such as that described in US patent 8,113,066 B2 can be used for the corresponding recording of the measured values. The measuring system shown there, which is designed as a fixed adapter for a tool holder of a processing machine with an additional part for holding in the tool holder of the processing machine and a tool holder and an order of measuring sensors arranged between them , it is ideally suited to carry out the process of the invention, since it can determine the measured variables to be used here and register corresponding values for these.
    [0105]
    [0106] It should be clear here once again that although some of the measurement variables or their measurement values described above with points a. a c. can be used as a basis for the evaluation of the processing, that in particular also a combination of measurement values for two or even the three measurement variables leads to particularly valid results, so that greater reliability and accuracy of the claims can be achieved verifying a determined condition through one of the measurement variables or the associated measurement values through the measurement values for a second of the measurement variables.
    [0107]
    [0108] It is also possible to include other parameters in the state analysis and as a basis for the configuration and / or control of the part processing machine, for example a measured temperature of the tool or piece. In this way, for example, an increase in the temperature in the tool can also be used to draw conclusions about a high voltage not allowed in a tool (for example, when configuring the process) or about the advanced wear of the tool. It is possible for example and the basis for an advantageous further training of the invention, if at least by means of a temperature sensor in the tool holder and / or a tool held therein the tool temperature is measured and correlated with the values recorded for the measured variable (s). Because the admissible load of a tool also depends among other factors on its temperature. In the case of temperatures that exceed a critical threshold, the load capacity usually decreases. In this way, the temperature values can already be taken into account when configuring the processing machine. However, they can also be used as part of another monitoring process included in the evaluation, which allows an adjustment of the operating parameters also taking into account this aspect.
    [0109]
    [0110] Furthermore, it is within the scope of the invention whether, the values determined for at least one measured variable and / or the evaluations derived therefrom concerning compliance with the previously defined limit values for each processing run are archived and stored in a record of processing. It is possible to make an assignment to the machined parts in the course of the machining processes registered in this way in order to demonstrate that they have been machined correctly and in accordance with the specifications. This can be done by a 1: 1 assignment of a work piece identified separately e (for example, by a serial number) individualized to the machining cycle or by a batch assignment of machining records to a batch of work pieces . These tests are often necessary in current production practice, for example, in the field of suppliers of the automotive industry. Previously, only indirect data could be provided that showed an appropriate program sequence in the processing machine. By assigning real measurement protocols to at least one of the measurement values, which is particularly advantageous in the case of bending moments, which are possible here, a considerable improvement has been achieved.
    [0111] If, as provided by another advantageous design of the invention, on the basis of the data sheets of the manufacturers or suppliers, normally available, even often digitally supplied data, on the geometry of the tool, the properties of the material of the tool, geometry and material properties of the workpiece, as well as the clamping and positioning of the tool in the tool holder, which can be read on the equipment of a digitally controlled processing machine, and on the basis of the values determined for at least one variable measured to determine the normalized tension forces that actually occur during the machining process, here you can make a comparison with the relevant specifications of a permissible load on the tool, which the manufacturer complies and which can typically be found on the data sheets that are delivered with them to be able to perform a particularly accurate estimate of the permissible operating parameters of the processing machine, as well as the operating parameters of the processing machine, but also the parameters of a machining process resistant to wear and high performance, in the case of a large-volume machining process, to set the operating parameters that be advantageous, and, if necessary, readjust the parameters in the framework of a device of the machining sequence or in the course of a control during the production in progress.
    [0112] To detect certain periodic phenomena, such as oscillations in the system, the determined measured values can also be subjected to the corresponding transformation analysis, such as a La Place transformation, a Fourier transformation or a fast Fourier transformation (FFT), in a later analysis. In particular, the errors of the machine can be inferred from the vibration behavior detected, since an inadmissible "avoidance" of the machine against the reaction forces that are produced and that must be absorbed by the mechanics of the machine, for example, Damage to the bearings, such as a set of bearings in the rotating tool holder (for example, a tool spindle), excessive lateral play in the linear guides, but also a too weak design of the machine, can often be attributed to the behavior oscillating. The vibration conditions must also be avoided from the point of view of careful handling of the tool, since in the case of such vibrations the tool is exposed to high peaks of force and load.
    [0113] From the method of the invention, in the case of monitoring, conclusions can also be drawn from the observed values for the variables measured with respect to the special characteristics of the workpiece of the inventive method. For example, sudden changes in bending moments or twisting torques observed during milling may indicate a lack of homogeneity of the material in the work piece. The method according to the invention can even detect production residues that would not be recognizable without extensive material testing (for example, X-ray analysis) of the workpieces. In the same way, a sudden change in the axial force, but also a corresponding change in the bending moments and also in the torque during the drilling, indicates a lack of homogeneity in the material of the work piece.
    [0114] The particular suitability of considering the bending moments as a basis for evaluating the machining process itself, the state of the tool, but also the properties of the machine, can be explained mainly by the fact that the extensive metric gauges, the SAW sensors or similar, which are proposed and available especially in the tool holder, are used initially to detect deformations and, from these, deduce the forces and moments that act on them.
    [0115] These deformations depend in particular on the lever involved, that is, the distance from a pivot point and the point of application of the force involved.
    [0116] The measurement of the torque of the levers (ultimately, due to the comparatively small radius of the tools used) is quite small, the significantly longer stem length of the tool combined with the additional length of the tool holder results in a significantly higher lever larger, which will normally be of the order of 10 times greater. In this way, the changes in the deformations detected with the measurement sensors are greater in the corresponding scale, which leads to greater accuracies and measurement resolutions, thus providing more reliable declarations and conclusions even with minor changes.
    [0117] Examples of the evaluation according to the invention of the values recorded for the measured "bending moment" variables can be found in the attached figures, which explain exemplary procedures within the scope of the invention to establish and / or monitor the operating parameters of a processing machine.
    [0118] In the images it is shown:
    [0119] Fig. 1 shows the values of the bending moment measured in a two-dimensional coordinate diagram determined by the direction and magnitude of the bending moments;
    [0120] Fig. 2 shows a different way of representing the values of the bending moment as a function of the vectorial sum of the bending moments applied over time;
    [0121] Fig. 3 shows a detailed section of a representation according to Fig. 2;
    [0122] Fig. 4 shows a representation of the measured values of the bending moment according to the amount of a vectorial sum of the bending moments applied over time for the internal milling of a round cutout in five successive machining steps, which show here in the previous illustration.
    [0123] The attached Fig. 1 shows a representation of the measured values of the bending moment, showing pairs of values of the directions x and y in a plane perpendicular to each other and in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, in relation to the rotating toolholder. In the example shown there are represented the bending moments that occur in a four-blade milling cutter during a machining process and during a constant parameterization (tool speed, feedrate, feed direction) the processing phase was measured. The data points marked with the reference character S, which represent the edges of the milling tool, are clearly visible. In this representation, each point of the data cloud represents a pair of values recorded at a time t. A large number of pairs of values were recorded during a time interval AL to obtain the representation.
    [0124]
    [0125] In this figure (Fig. 1) the registered and displayed values are distributed over a constant contour line during the AL period. This is precisely because the machining parameters were not modified in the AL interval, that is, for example, the speed of rotation of the tool was not modified and the advance and / or direction of the relative movement between the tool was not modified. tool and the work piece. If such changes occur during the AL period, other images are obtained from which other conclusions can be drawn about the dynamic development of the machining process.
    [0126]
    [0127] Also such images of the dynamics of the development processes can be interesting and valuable for the evaluation, for example, in comparison with the images taken during a process of reference for a similar machining in the processing machine, in order to detect deviations in the process and / or in the behavior of the machine at an early stage.
    [0128]
    [0129] Now this visualization can be used to obtain information about the state and the load of the tool, as well as on the course of the machining process.
    [0130]
    [0131] The figure shown in the representation is symmetrical. If asymmetric deviations are detected here, this would indicate an error in the processing process, for example a break in the cutting edge of the cutter if one of the cutting edges no longer forms.
    [0132]
    [0133] Fig. 2 shows a different way of visualizing and evaluating the measured values for the applied bending moments. Here, the amount of the vector sum of all bending moments (that is, the amount of a resultant bending moment) applied at a particular moment in time is represented as a function of time. From this representation you can read the total loads applied at a given moment, which here act perpendicular to the axis of rotation. As indicated in the figure, a maximum value can be defined for the vector-added bending moments, illustrated here by the dotted line "max.", For example, to carry out the parameterization in the processing machine during the configuration of the process so that this value is not exceeded, even in the peaks shown here. For example, the movements of approach or displacement between the piece and the tool can be modified in such a way that these peaks are reduced and even in these zones the sums of the bending moments remain below the specified line of the limit values.
    [0134]
    [0135] In Fig. 3 the highlighted figure shows a progression of the magnitude of the vector sum of the bending moments applied to the toolholder, as shown in Fig. 2. A plateau called P can be observed in which the amount of the sum The vector of the bending moments acting on the toolholder is essentially constant. In such a time window it is advantageous to evaluate and record the bending moment in the direction shown in Fig. 1. Because there conditions do not change due to changes in the specifications of the parameters of the processing machine visible in Fig. 3 on the flanks of the curve, so that an image like that shown in Fig. 1 can be obtained.
    [0136]
    [0137] Fig. 4 shows the evolution of the magnitude value of the vectorial sum of the bending moments over time, as was recorded during an experimental milling operation for the insertion of a circular hole in the inner contour of a piece of work. For greater clarity in the direction and (the direction of the number of bending moments), the figure shows the trajectory of a total of five milling processes at five successive machining depths (z-direction). The figure on the left shows pronounced curves with points of rupture downwards and upwards, which characterize the process. The values of the bending moment during a milling cycle can be seen in the subsequent process. The magnitude of the vector sum of the bending moments, indicated by the arrow "E", is clearly visible in all machining depths. These drops indicate an error in the machining process, since an exact round machining results in a constant
    [0138] of the bending moment. In this example, the milling was not exactly round due to a faulty adjustment of the machine. The evaluation presented here could help to discover this circumstance at an early stage (here already when the processing machine is configured for a serial process).
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [1]
    Method for configuring and / or controlling the operating parameters of a part machining machine having a tool holder and means for moving a part and the tool holder relative to each other at least along a first axis, where values of at least one of the following measured variables that occur in the tool holder during the interaction between the tool and the part are recorded and transmitted to the tool holder during the machining of the tool holder and during the action of the tool to a part that is being recorded and during the machining sequence:
    a) Bending moments or components of the bending moment in direction and magnitude,
    using the values determined for at least one variable measured in order to make a device of the operating parameters that is coordinated with respect to a prolonged tool life used with a machining time that is simultaneously less than a machining time maximum and / or to monitor the machining process with respect to its reproducibility and / or wear of the tool and / or an error of the part machining machine, characterized in that the magnitude values and the directions of the measured variables of the bending moments and / or of the components of the bending moment in a tool holder perpendicular to the first axis, fixed to the tool holder and rotating with it, in the same plane, in relation to the tool holder, and for the evaluation an order of a large number of values of the bending moments or of the components of the bending moment recorded at a given measurement point t in a two-dimensional coordinate diagram.
    [2]
    Method according to claim 1, characterized in that , in addition to the bending moments or the components of the bending moment in terms of direction and magnitude, other variable (s) measured (s) is (are) b) a pair of torsion applied with respect to the first axis or to an axis parallel to it
    and / or c. an axial force is registered that acts in the direction parallel to the first axis.
    [3]
    The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the tool holder can rotate about the first axis or about an axis of rotation parallel to the first axis, provided that values are collected for parameter b., Which is measured in relation to the Torque on the axis of rotation.
    [4]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnitude values and the directions of the measured variables of the bending moments and / or of the components of the bending moments are detected in two directions, which are perpendicular to each other, are stationary with respect to the tool holder, they are located in a plane perpendicular to the first axis and in which the rotary toolholder rotates with the latter and are determined in a fixed manner in relation to the tool holder, an x direction and an y direction, and in which for the evaluation applies a multiplicity of values of the bending moments or directions and components of bending moment in the direction x and in the direction and in a two-dimensional rectangular coordinate diagram with the values in the x direction along a first axis of coordinates and the values in the direction and along a second coordinate axis as display points.
    [5]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the representation in the coordinate diagram with a sampling frequency located within a time interval Ati, whose sampling frequency is significantly lower than the time interval Ati, that a set of Sufficient data for a meaningful representation is recorded within the time interval Ati, which, once the time interval Ati is finished, is recorded another representation of a data set registered within another time interval At 2 with a significantly increased sampling frequency less than the time interval At 2 , that within the time interval At 2 , a sufficient data set is registered for a significant representation, the pairs of values collected are represented in a new coordinate diagram and for the determination of a dynamic development of the operating conditions, in particular the state of the tool nta, the successive representations are compared.
    [6]
    The method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that , in the case of a rotating tool holder, the loads of the representations in the coordinate diagram that are applied in sections to a tool arranged in the tool holder and rotating in the tool can be read. around the axis of rotation.
    [7]
    Method according to claim 6, characterized in that, in a configuration of the machining process, by means of the representation in the coordinate diagram a process configuration is carried out in which the legible loads in the representation of the coordinate diagram on the Rotary tool can be reduced by changing the operating parameters.
    [8]
    Method according to claim 6, characterized in that , during a control of the machining process, changes are observed in the loads acting on the sections and from there a wear of the tool is derived, by means of which a message of change is issued of tool when a predetermined critical wear is reached.
    [9]
    Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that when the representation of the measurement points in the coordinate diagram that deviates from the expected one, in particular if it deviates asymmetrically, an anomaly in the process is deduced. of machining and the corresponding notice is issued.
    [10]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the monitoring of the working parameters of the processing machine from the representations of the values recorded during the process, to detect a change in the process at an early stage, the Representation of the values taken during the process and / or the vector sum is compared with the values recorded for the corresponding reference processes in a coordinate diagram or as a representation of the vectorial sum as a function of time.
    [11]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that from the recorded values of the measured variable (s) and a known geometry per se and material properties of the tool known per se, as well as a Known positioning of the tool in the tool holder, a calculation is made of the evasive movements and / or deformations of the tool in the position of the machining sections in order to verify in a machining process the dimensional deviations resulting from the deformations of the tool. the tool.
    [12]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the values for which the bending moments are determined are determined as a function of their magnitude and / or direction and are compared with respect to a bending moment limit defined as maximum allowable in magnitude and / or direction, determining as such the limit bending moment, in particular during the control of the machining tool, which occurs with a tool worn to a maximum allowable.
    [13]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least the values of the axial force are determined and compared with respect to a limit axial force defined as maximum allowable.
    [14]
    Method according to claim 13, characterized in that during a control of the machining process the limit force is determined as such, which is produced with a tool worn to the maximum allowed.
    [15]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the establishment of the operating parameters or the monitoring of the operating parameters, using data on the geometry and material properties of a tool and its positioning in the tool holder, and having also consider the data on the geometry and material properties of a workpiece, normalized from the values recorded for at least one measured variable actually present in the machining process, the cutting forces are determined and compared with the admissible and / or recommended values for the loading of the tool specified by the manufacturer, in order to optimize the operating parameters in relation to the wear of the tool and / or the cutting volume, taking into account that comparison
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    DE102014103240A1|2015-10-01|
    ES2696301T3|2019-01-15|
    US9864362B2|2018-01-09|
    EP2924526B1|2018-06-13|
    HUE039536T2|2019-01-28|
    PL2924526T3|2018-11-30|
    US20150261207A1|2015-09-17|
    EP2924526A1|2015-09-30|
    EP2924526B9|2019-01-02|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
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